Explaining the experience of first-generation college students is a task that many of us quickly deflect if at all possible. Just because a subject can be classified as “well, every situation is so different” does not mean that we cannot try. A few years back, a hall director I worked for needed me to come up with a first-generation college student (FGCS) program for her resident assistant staff. After some thought, I came up with the following, relatively quick program:

Materials needed:

Two (or more) sheets of paper

Pencils (preferably the stencil pencil kind)

Or use a whiteboard/chalkboard

(Groups should be 5 or less/group)

Preparation:

1. Design two like house outlines (basic blueprints with basic room options)

2. On back of each, list:

Rooms needed:

Kitchen

Bathroom

Living room

Master bedroom

Spare bedroom

Upstairs bathroom (shared between the two bedrooms)

Appliances needed:

Oven, fridge, sink, pantry, island, counters, cupboards, dishwasher

Sofa, couch, TV, coffee table, plants (x3)

Soap and towels

Bed, armoire (x2), treasure chest, nightstand (x2)

Repeat for spare bedroom (add a desk)

Rules:

Designate 2 “parents”

Divide group into (two) equal halves

Parent 1 = you know the ins-and-outs of home building. Feel free to help with all aspects of the basic design. Give pointers but allow for choices!

Parent 2 = you try to help with basic design but have no prior experience. Accidentally, you give the group bad advice and misguided direction. Five minutes into the activity, you get frustrated and leave.

Allow for 15-20 minutes for groups to finalize their houses.

Once completed, ask the following questions (plus your own):

  1. How did the “parents” help/hurt?
  2. What were the difficult decisions?
  3. Why did you place/label each room where/what?
  4. What are the differences between groups?
  5. How does this relate to first generation college students?
    1. Parents who can help/ parents who are inexperienced
    2. Some decisions are made without understanding
    3. Communication between student-home is stressed
    4. Transitioning as a freshman becomes immediately more difficult
    5. Does FGCS correlate with low socio-economic status (SES)*?

Treat this as a basic start to get the discussion/training session started. The point of the project is to metaphorically show students that matriculating through a successful college career is similar to building an efficient house— it helps to have an experienced architect. However, it takes student leaders and student affairs professionals to make sure that each student who does not have an experienced parental architect is aware of the plethora of resources offered by their university.

Remember, first-generation college students (FGCS) and students of low socioeconomic status (SES) are not necessarily correlated and should be understood as separate but equally important variables when further understanding our student populations.

Tyler Martin recently completed his M.Ed. in Higher Education and is seeking a position in Student Affairs.

Whether you saw it on Fox8 Cleveland or YouTube last fall, or more recently/likely on Tosh.0, the story about the sixth grader who received a one-hour detention for “passing gas” is true. This article is not to debate slapstick humor versus highbrow entertainment nor is it to discuss the (un)-importance of having/learning “class.” No. This article is to raise awareness to the real problem: our failed education system.

While we in the U.S. confuse young children about natural, bodily functions by not just hushing the “embarrassing” ones— but now disciplining those who childishly defy or outright do not accept mainstream mores— countries such as India, Thailand, China, and Sweden are not simply excelling in academics, but quickly monopolizing the world’s future movers-and-shakers. Take a look at this detailed report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

According to OECD’s latest tri-annual Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the United States education system ranked 14th out of 34 in reading skills, 17th for science, and 25th for mathematics. Dare I ask what your reaction would be if your child— who has open access to the best of the world’s resources— came home with a 58% in language arts, a 50% in science, and a 26% in mathematics? I venture to assume that your reaction would include a long parent-to-child talk, a parent-to-teacher conference, and inquiring assistance from the professionals at the Sylvan Learning Center.

All right. So what does farting/tooting/passing gas/etc., on a bus have to do with salvaging our failed education system? A lot. Without me going into a complete tirade about revamping the concept of honest adult roles and responsibility courses in grades 6-12, I will leave that for another time and skip to this basic truth: instead of the world’s foremost bright, inclusive, inventive, and progressive nations, we have sidewinder’ed our culture into the trammels of inanity and shame (whatever that is, precisely).

While you watch FOX/CNN/PBS/MSNBC/AJE, etc, tonight, take note of how many stories (and their cumulative time spent) are fixated on fatuous topics: kids farting on busses, a sad woman who has injured her children, a congressman’s sexting pics; and then compare that to the amount of time American media spends discussing how we as a nation are actively seeking means of succeeding in solving our country’s and our world’s largest problems: Diabetes, Rx-addictions, Asthma, Racism, Cancer, Homelessness, Alzheimer’s, HIV/AIDS, Spina bifida, Ethnic “Cleansings,” Anti-Semitism, Homophobia etc. Unless you are a strict PBS or Anderson Cooper (CNN needs to expand with more Coopers, Guptas, Zakariases, etc.) fan, chances are there is a distinctive gap in your findings.

Now that we honestly recognize the problem and its severity, we must now immediately begin to work on salvage and reclaim. Think FDR’s New Deal. And as the Alphabet Soup of FDR’s New Deal inspired reconstruction of a failed economy, an overhaul of our current SES-restrictive, test-driven and anti-scientific education system would reconstruct a failed education system. But how would we replace our failed system? How about through the same philosophy professed by The Statue of Liberty: Freedom. Huh? Stick with me here:

As rational, educated beings, we can all easily agree that our nation was initially founded on the simple concepts of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness— all of which The Statue of Liberty represents, right? Or have we forgotten so soon that She is a beacon of America’s adoration for collective, innovative ingenuity between Free nations, demanding the world to give Her its “tired, [its] poor/[Its] huddled masses yearning to breathe Free?” If we have, click the hyperlink in this paragraph.

So again, how do we fix the American education system? Easy: we return to our original philosophy as a people. We abandon our silly, failed conventional intelligence bench-markers (brainless book-regurgitation tests, academic anxiety-sparking pop-quizzes, and pre-established, assigned group projects) and replace them with innovative, collaborative, self-driven and student-to-teacher-to-student lead projects respective to a given subject’s academic field.

And please— America— please let us finally embrace science! It is time that we drop our animosities towards science and make our children scientists. We rely on scientists for vanity (hair color, Rogaine), health (disease-prevention, vitamin-infused beverages), finances (try and tell the FED that economics is not a science) and almost any/everything else we use daily. Obviously, it is time that we give the scientific method our unadulterated respect and no longer exploit its power for profit and veil it in irrational suspicion.

It is as simple as that folks. Still do not believe me? Ask yourself: “when do I learn best?” I will gamble that it is one of— if not a combination of— you being in your own little geek-out world, exploring websites— or talking to direct sources in a quasi-Socratic conversation— or when you are diving into a good book— or possibly expressing an idea or newly learned concept through artistic means? Maybe it is when you are exercising in the morning or during the monotony of your morning wake-up routine? Regardless of what your unique learning scene is, or how you tap into it, you know that it has bred your favorite and most powerful learning experiences.

Why are we not harnessing this basic understanding and injecting its wisdom into our educational system? If we really want to become the world’s hope again— if we really want to be the leading nation in solving what ails us— we need to make this easy, 100% logical plan an immediate reality.

In student affairs, we pride ourselves as a freethinking, innovative field on a blazing quest of establishing the most efficient and positive learning environments, correct? Then it is time we collaborate with our faculty friends and try tooting new horns— and stop fartin’ around.

Tyler Martin recently completed his M.Ed. in Higher Education and is seeking a position in Student Affairs.

You’re probably starting to see these Quick Response codes, even if you don’t know exactly what they are. While Tom wrote about these almost three years ago, they are really coming into the mainstream. In fact, I saw the first QR Code in my hometown newspaper this morning.

QR Codes are those little square boxes with black markings. It’s a modern version of the barcode. By scanning the code, you can be directed to a website, an email address, a phone number, or get any short message.

QR codes have been around for a long time, but they’ve become popular because of smartphones. If you have any Barcode App, you can easily scan a QR code for additional information.

Simply create a QR code for the Facebook page of your next campus event, and include it on any printed promotional material. People can scan the code, and be directed to the site for more (and portable) information.

Or how about some “guerrilla marketing?”. Post a flyer with JUST the QR code– nothing else. That will tempt a lot of students into scanning it just to find out what it’s all about.

It’s easy to create a QR code. There are many free sites that will create them for you online in a flash, like http://qrcode.kaywa.com/

If you like to see how they are being used in the music world, check out this article: http://bit.ly/eujni3

And if you want to see how it works, grab your smartphone, run your barcode app, and scan the QR Code below!

How many times have you sat in a meeting where hundreds of great ideas are tossed around, but in the end, not much happens? In his book Making Ideas Happen, Scott Belsky repeats the adage that creativity (or productivity, progress in our projects, and growth in relationships) is 2% inspiration and 98% perspiration.

He examines this idea through a simple formula: Creativity x Action = Impact.

So someone who is incredibly creative (a perfect 100) but doesn’t translate those ideas into action has very little impact. (100 x 0 = 0)

But someone who’s marginally creative (a 50) and even marginally moves those projects forward (a 50 again!) can have an exponentially greater impact. (50 x 50 = 2,500!)

This has powerful implications for higher ed, where thinkers thrive and “vague-agendaed” meetings can creep up from every corner. We can have all the ideas in the world, but if we can’t move them into reality, we miss the point. Moving ideas to action takes practice. It takes systems. It takes a willingness to fail. In fact, we can count on some things failing.

In the ResLife world that changes how we look at events, projects, and even tactics for growing RAs. Try things. See what succeeds. Move forward and learn.

We need to go through quicker learning cycles, moving ideas to action.

One quick, incredibly simple example. I put together a “lessons from last year’s RAs” booklet this year – by emailing the RAs at the end of the year and requesting feedback. We just needed enough to fill it out. Is it perfect? No. But it’s much better than what we had before – nothing. And in the end, it was a useful, helpful piece that carried more credibility than some of our training sessions because it was from RAs to RAs.

What about you? How have you seen a bias toward action make a difference on campus? Where can it be more challenging?

Jon Sampson is a Program Coordinator and Residence Director at Azusa Pacific University.

What?  Is that even possible?

That was my first thought when the newest adventure in my life happened upon me.  Then I realized that yes, I could take and use all of my student affairs skills and knowledge to a new setting.  But did I want to?

I presently work as an internship and professional development coordinator for a business school, and so have many interactions with various industry professionals on a daily basis.  I’ve always felt very at home here in student affairs, and quite frankly, the corporate world seemed …. scary.  I enjoy collegiality, interactions with students, peers, and upper-level administration on a regular basis.  And, there’s something to be said for the perk of wearing jeans and t-shirts to work (ok, I can’t wear jeans in my role, but I used to!).  The flexibility, the students, the fun.  Changing lives, having my life changed.  I mean, that’s why I do this!  I love it.

And then it happened.  On Twitter.  I was referring to a blogger friend of mine’s blog as an example of a great blend of personal/professional one night during an #SAchat when she tweeted back asking if I’d heard of @infinum, an educational software development company in Columbus, Ohio.  I had not, but as I am actively seeking relocation to that area (my family’s there… and after 12 years away, I’ve decided I miss them too much to stay away any longer), I decided to investigate the company’s website and twitter profile.  Mind you, my first reaction was to shudder – corporate world and IT, for me a very scary combination.

Well this company (for whom I am now working) is awesome!  They provide a social advising tool, coupled with a degree planning system that is like nothing I’ve ever seen before.  After reviewing viewable screen shots and reading more about it, I decided to tweet the CEO, and cousin of my blogger friend mentioned above.  We sent a few messages, then began an email conversation.  I was really just trying to learn more about this product/software.

What I learned quelled my fears of the corporate world.  This company (and I presume many others working with higher education institutions) really cared about students.  Sure, they want to turn a profit too, that’s their business, but they want to create a system that will enhance the student/advisor experience.  As our conversations continued over the next week or so, my prior advising experience and recent University upgrades from legacy systems came up.  I’m a huge proponent of driving the system and not letting the system drive you – that is, I’ve seen times where policies change (sometimes not favoring the student) because of system limitations.  I conveyed that to the team and they appreciated my honesty.  In fact, they were looking for someone to help “speak the language” of advisors as they continued to develop the system.

Long and short of it, I agreed to step in as a consultant.  Shared the news with my boss here at the University and he was elated – another perk of student affairs!  To date I’ve worked with our clients (other institutions) and provided training sessions and product demos.  This corporate thing that I was so afraid of is not that bad!  I’ve learned a thing or two about believing in what you do.  I mean, I do tell my students to do what they love… you know the adage… and they’ll never work a day in their life.  That’s what student affairs is for me.

I’m not looking for a way out and I’ll be keeping my current job too, but this new role is a stepping stone to home in Columbus.  And to some extent I hope the work becomes so busy that I can transition full-time with the new company and move “home.”  Especially since I’ve found a place where I can still employ my student affairs background.

This blog post is not about promoting the product or service offered by the company for which I am not working.  Rather, it’s more of a reflection of my feelings – anxiety, excitement, fear, confusion, relief – when going through the process of deciding whether or not to take on this new adventure.  On the one hand, student affairs is all that I’ve known.  But on the other, this meshing of skill and opportunity was too good to pass up!  So off I go to corporate America, sort of.

Have you ever thought of moving away from student affairs?  What were your fears?

Kristin Williams is the Business Experiences Manager, College of Business Administration, Kent State University

I always hope for that perfect storm of aligned experiences when sending a small group of organization representatives to a conference.  In my mind, the students will be empowered with questions and ideas to pursue upon the return home; their energy ignites a new sense of motivation in their group; and they begin to pursue their new definition of the future.

Sound great?

Hasn’t happened for me yet, either.

Sure, our students had some great presentations and excellent experiences but nearly always my student groups struggle to accurately communicate the true picture of what they experienced.  They struggle to not use too many “inside jokes” when describing their time at the conference and nearly always ended up engaged in a conversation about “why can’t we send more people next year?”  Given that our travel funds are not likely to increase anytime in the near future, we needed a new plan.

So, my insanely talented staff member (that’s you, Matt!) says, let’s try blogging.

Our office now requires any students traveling to conferences sponsored by our department to blog each day while they are there.  We create a blogging site for the group’s travels and make each of them the authors. I love the fact that those of us not attending the conference can keep track of their experiences and that we can comment and have dialogue while they are there. We also send the site around to our student affairs colleagues and division leadership so that they can get some insight into student experiences.

This has enabled us to document these travel experiences and now see, in writing, what we already knew about the impact of spending time with other students who are similarly committed to common goals.  As one of our student orientation coordinators posted, “I don’t think I ever got completely used to everyone actually understanding ‘Orientation Speak’ and being able to have in-depth conversations about different aspects of their programs.”

The use of blogs has enabled our students to do more active reflection on these conference experiences and has allowed us to use the sites to help other students understand what the experience might be like the next time around. We get pretty active commentary from participants about what they like and don’t like about the conferences and, when warranted, our structured reflection topics allow for some time for them to pause during a busy conference and make meaning of this experience that the university has offered to them.

For our department, we reported themes communicated in these blogs as part of our annual report in hope of illustrating the impact that off-campus professional travel has on our student leaders.  Themes of increased pride in our university, increased confidence in their own leadership efficacy, and enhanced sense of community with other student leaders certainly made this student affairs professional proud.

If you’d like to take a look at one of them, here’s a link to the blog from our delegates at the National Greek Leadership Association conference in Hartford, CT this year.

http://bscgreeksgotongla.blogspot.com/

And just for fun…check out the Wordle the blog for our Student Orientation Coordinators’ trip to the regional NODA Conference (at the top of this post) and the Wordle for our Program Committee’s travels to the NACA regional conference (2) pasted below.  Looks to me like they had a good experience…and had some fun along the way!

So, how do you facilitate reflection when your students travel? Any interested in blogging?  If you are, let’s correspond and if our students attend the same conferences we can cross-promote their sites!

Part of the semester planning ‘round these parts is to conduct a student leader training for all of our new, incoming club and Student Government (SGA) officers. We talk about things like communication, team building, conflict management, member recruitment and retention…ya know, all the million dollar words in student affairs. Most years, our group of student leaders consists mostly of returners with some newbies thrown in for fun – the returners naturally mentor the newcomers and everything is hunky dory. Last year, we got a group of nearly ALL newbies with only one or two returners interspersed. It was a long, but very rewarding year, and at the end of it, as if they were scripted, they all gushed about how much fun they had and how much they’d learned. They were free with the compliments to the office staff and our advising skills, but they also reflected on how much they didn’t know coming in that just wasn’t covered under the umbrella of million dollar training topics. As student leaders are so apt to do, this particular group pooled all of their genius, sarcasm and new-found expertise, and imparted insight onto us for inclusion into all future upcoming student leader training sessions.

I would now like to share their list with you because 1, it makes me laugh, but 2, because these are little things we, as SA pros, don’t always stop and think about, but could make or break a student leader’s experience.

Top 25 things I wish someone would have told me about being a student leader…

As compiled by the Spring 2010 Burlington County College SGA and Club Officers

  1. It is a lot of work, but don’t forget to have a good time!
  2. Being a student leader is a large time commitment – it will be worth it in the end. The more you give, the more you get back.
  3. You need a lot of dress clothes for meetings and events.
  4. There is a lot of paperwork to be done. Be patient with the OSA’s (Office of Student Activities) processes and follow the guidelines.
  5. You will meet tons of great people.
  6. You are given so many opportunities and rewards – academically, personally and professionally.
  7. The advisors are awesome resources and awesome people.  They want to see you succeed. Do not make any of them angry with you.
  8. There is a Mt. Holly campus. You will have to go there for events. (one of our smaller locations with very specialized course offerings, but equipped with a beautiful event space)
  9. You will get to go to the President’s house for a tree-trimming party. Be prepared to sing Christmas carols.
  10. Network and build relationships!  Recruit EVERYONE! “The more the merrier” really applies to being involved with Student Activities and the people you meet will become your friends.
  11. You will learn WAY more than you originally thought.
  12. Get yourself organized from the get-go. Use your club’s office space to help! The best way to do this is to keep your club space clean!
  13. Find a balance between being a student leader and class/family/work/friends/etc…
  14. BE CREATIVE and don’t be afraid to try new things.
  15. Give yourself way more time to plan things than you think you’ll need – you’ll need it.
  16. There are people out there who want to join your club but don’t know about it yet – Tell them!
  17. If you have a small club or inactive members, don’t underestimate a good co-sponsorship opportunity. You can’t do it alone – teamwork is imperative!
  18. You will grow as a person.
  19. Update your bulletin board often!
  20. Market your meetings and events in ALL locations, and remember that fliers are not the end-all-be-all of advertising.
  21. The OSA is a one-stop-shop for event planning resources.  Don’t take it all on yourself and never be afraid to ask for help!
  22. The OSA and SGA offer student leadership development workshops – attend them!
  23. Don’t doubt yourself or change your plans because a few people disagree.
  24. Check your personal drama at the door.
  25. Take the time to reflect on your experiences so you can do it even better the next time around.

Adrianne Dahms is a student activities specialist at Burlington County College, Pemberton, New Jersey.

There are few things I love more than a good cooking-themed reality television show. Combining my love of cooking with the creativity of rising to assigned challenges, these shows inspire me to kick things up a notch in my own kitchen… and even in my office. Inevitable, each season competing chefs are challenged to reconceptualize the classics. Faced with staples like pigs in a blanket and tuna noodle casserole, they are forced to refine them to meet today’s palates.

The campus resource scavenger hunt has been a staple of staff training for years. While it can be a fun way of ensuring that staff members are able to locate appropriate offices and departments on campus, it can quickly become redundant and dull – you know, the same casserole you had for dinner every Thursday night as a kid.

When I pulled out our training schedule this year, I immediately began dreading the resource scavenger hunt. If I was dreading it, how did our student staff (particularly our returning staff members) feel about it? I looked at the learning outcomes that I first wrote for the activity on this campus in 2008 and wondered if those outcomes were still relevant. We can broadly assume that many of our staff members have already encountered most student services offices or, minimally, could find the location of an office by looking it up on the university website.  What I really hoped to accomplish is that student staff are able to make appropriate referrals and better understand the services offered by other departments.

And so I’m changing the recipe this year with the support of the involved departments and my supervisor.

Instead of being handed rhyming clues that will lead them from office to office where they would simply take a brochure, the Resident Assistant staff will participate in a more practical application of the activity.

They will be escorted by a professional staff member who will lead them through a series of short case studies. During the case study debriefings, they will discern which campus office is the most appropriate referral for the students involved. It may be one office or several offices. After the group collectively decides which offices and departments are most relevant, they will be introduced to the staff of the departments they choose. Departmental staff members will explain to the Resident Assistants what their role in helping the student will be. In some cases, they may be the best choice for immediate resolution. In other cases, they may refer the student elsewhere. It’s my belief that this will also help educate student staff that what they sometimes perceive as “getting the run around” or “red tape” is simply helping students find the best place to assist them.

Our scenarios will take them everywhere from parking services to the Vice-Chancellor for Student Affairs and Enrollment Management. I’m optimistic that face time with staff combined with decisions of making actual referrals will lead to more confident use of campus resources throughout the year. Our post-assessment will ask factual questions about offices, but also include opportunity for staff to rate their comfort level with referrals after the activity.

How are you reconceptualizing the tuna noodle casseroles on your training schedule this year?

In a recent post, I mentioned that I conduct reflective exit interviews with my student leaders. A few people asked for the fifteen questions that I use.

I started these reflective exit interviews when I was an entry-level hall director. We were required to complete a final evaluation of each staff member; I found that the reflective conversations were a better use of time, particularly for students who were not returning to their staff position. These questions change a bit every year and, to some extent, in every meeting. Though I provide the list to the students several weeks in advance and suggest that they reflect, the conversation we have is very much guided by what they share in their first few responses.

During these meetings, I feel like James Lipton from Inside the Actors Studio asking the same questions of a variety of people. I’m always amazed by the depth of reflection the students provide and how varied their responses are from one another. This list is by no means comprehensive of their experience; it’s a jumping off point for conversation.

For your reading enjoyment (or use), the questions:

1. Describe your experience as a student leader in three words.
2. What was the biggest surprise about your leadership position?
3. What was the most difficult situation you worked through with another student?
4. What is the best relationship you created?
5. Let’s time travel: What words of advice would you offer to yourself at the beginning of this journey knowing what you do now?
6. What lesson will you carry forward in your personal life? Professional experience?
7. What song is the anthem of your student leadership experience? Why?
8. What program or event stands out to you as a hallmark of your experience?
9. How do you think your residents will remember you? Is that how you hoped to be remembered by them?
10. Reflecting on the training you received, what area was most helpful? What was something you had to learn through experience?
11. What was the most challenging part of the experience for you? What was the least challenging?
12. What aspect of your student leader experience will you use to market yourself as a candidate for your job post-graduation?
13. What three things would you change about our department?
14. What three things would you change about the university?
15. In what ways are you different than when you applied for this position?

What questions do you use in similar exercises? What other questions would you add to the list?

Last weekend I attended Ungeeked Elite in Milwaukee. Some have called it the South by Southwest of the Midwest, but I think it was more like TED. Each day, 9 or 10 speakers gave a 15 minute presentation followed by about 30 minutes of Q&A and discussion. This led to lots of great ideas for many of the attendees, including me. One of the speakers suggested we give away ideas for free to promote good karma, so here’s your free idea: campus brand ambassadors.

Many university communication departments hire an outside marketing firm to brand their campus experience (At UWM we’re “Awesome and Affordable“). Unfortunately, this brand doesn’t always mesh with the way students experience the university, especially if you consider how different an experience could be from the perspective of a new first-year student, transfer student, adult student, or remedial student. What if you gave a bunch of students a chance to experience their own 15 minutes of fame by being a brand ambassador?

Here’s how it would work:

  • Put out a call for participants. Just tell them they’ll be famous on the internet, and I’m sure you’ll get plenty of responses (maybe from some bloggers that already have current and prospective students as readers)
  • From all your volunteers, choose 10-15 that represent different parts of your student population (academic progress, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, hometown/state/country, GPA, etc)
  • Give these students a cheap video recorder and access to a collaborative blog.  Provide quick training on how to upload/publish their content
  • Don’t give them too much direction, but let them know what topics aren’t appropriate (underage drinking, nudity, etc)
  • Advertise the site that hosts all their content soon after students start to publish

It would take guts to do this, but what are some possible outcomes?

  • Increase the involvement of your brand ambassadors on campus
  • Attract prospective students that already have an idea of what the campus experience is like, perhaps increasing retention because they already know it’s a good fit
  • Discover what your university’s brand looks like from a students’ perspective

Some universities do a version of this, like MIT’s admissions bloggers, and the Alverno College Your Power campaign. Have you heard of a comprehensive program like this? Do you think it could work? Would anyone have enough guts to implement a program where students control their branding?

I’d like to give credit to Jun Loayza, who gave the talk that inspired this idea.